Internet of Things (IoT) based Health Monitor Device

Health is the centre of human enlightenment. Due to the recent Covid outbreak and several environmental pollutions, checking one's vitals regularly has become a necessity. Ours is an IoT-based device that measures a user's heart rate, blood oxygen level and body temperature. The device is compact and portable, making it easy for users to wear. The readings are measured and shown on an OLED display with the help of sensors. The data is also available on the cloud. A webpage and a mobile application were developed to view the data from the cloud. Individual graphs of the vitals with time are available on the mobile application. This can be used for progress measurement and statistical analyses. Authorized personnel can access the patient's vitals. This creates a scope for Tele-medication in rural and underdeveloped regions. Besides, one can also view his/her vitals for personal health routine. © 2022 IEEE.

SARS-COV-2 Infection in Children and Young People in Bulgaria - A Prospective, Single-Center, Cohort Study

Compared to other respiratory viruses, the proportion of hospitalizations due to SARS-CoV-2 among children is relatively low. While severe illness is not common among children and young individuals, a particular type of severe condition called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) has been reported. The aim of this prospective cohort study, which followed a group of individuals under the age of 19, was to examine the characteristics of patients who had contracted SARS-CoV-2, including their coexisting medical conditions, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, and outcomes. The study also aimed to investigate the features of children who met the WHO case definition of MIS-C, as well as those who required intensive care. A total of 270 patients were included between March 2020 and December 2021. The eligible criteria were individuals between 0-18 with a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection at the Infectious Disease Hospital "Prof. Ivan Kirov"in Sofia, Bulgaria. Nearly 76% of the patients were <= 12 years old. In our study, at least one comorbidity was reported in 28.1% of the cases, with obesity being the most common one (8.9%). Less than 5% of children were transferred to an intensive care unit. We observed a statistically significant difference in the age groups, with children between 5 and 12 years old having a higher likelihood of requiring intensive care compared to other age groups. The median values of PaO2 and SatO2 were higher among patients admitted to the standard ward, while the values of granulocytes and C-reactive protein were higher among those transferred to the intensive care unit. Additionally, we identified 26 children who met the WHO case definition for MIS-C. Our study data supports the evidence of milder COVID-19 in children and young individuals as compared to adults. Older age groups were associated with higher incidence of both MIS-C and ICU admissions.Copyright © 2023 P. Velikov et al., published by Sciendo.

Clinical and laboratory markers of severity of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19).

The aim of the research. To study clinical and laboratory features of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in order to develop a model that would allow, taking the publicly available research methods into account, to carry out early diagnosis of severe community-acquired pneumonia against the background of the new coronavirus infection. Material and methods. A total of 82 COVID-19 patients who complied with inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled. Depending on the clinical severity, three study groups were formed: group 1 included 13 patients with uncomplicated COVID-19, group 2 consisted of 39 patients with non-severe forms of pneumonia that developed against COVID-19 and group 3 was comprised of 30 patients with COVID-19 complicated by severe pneumonia. The groups were comparable in age and gender. All patients underwent general clinical examination, laboratory tests, including general and biochemical blood analysis, as well as chest computed tomography. Results. The clinical picture in COVID-19 patients differed depending on the disease severity. Coughing and shortness of breath were more often observed in patients with severe pneumonia;sore throat, on the contrary, was more often noted in patients with uncomplicated COVID-19. On admission to the inpatient facility, patients with severe pneumonia had higher body temperature and respiratory rate, with simultaneous decrease in blood oxygen saturation. One half of the patients with severe pneumonia had hypertensive disease in medical history, and one third had ischaemic heart disease. As a rule, uncomplicated COVID-19 patients did not have ischaemic heart disease. It was found through laboratory analysis of blood that groups of patients significantly differed in the levels of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils and eosinophils. Conclusion. The use of such clinical and laboratory data as acute respiratory failure, fever, the levels of neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils and basophils makes it possible to identify patients with more severe pneumonia against the background of COVID-19 even before chest computed tomography. Key words:.Copyright © 2022, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University. All rights reserved.

Clinical characteristics and risk factors of patients with COVID-19 developing barotrauma

Background: At our hospital, people with COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) had a high rate of pulmonary barotrauma. Therefore, the current study looked at barotrauma in COVID-19 patients getting invasive and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation to assess its prevalence, clinical results, and features. Methodology: Our retrospective cohort study comprised of adult COVID-19 pneumonia patients who visited our tertiary care hospital between April 2020 and September 2021 and developed barotrauma. Result(s): Sixty-eight patients were included in this study. Subcutaneous emphysema was the most frequent type of barotrauma, reported at 67.6%;pneumomediastinum, reported at 61.8%;pneumothorax, reported at 47.1%. The most frequent device associated with barotrauma was CPAP (51.5%). Among the 68 patients, 27.9% were discharged without supplemental oxygen, while 4.4% were discharged on oxygen. 76.5% of the patients expired because of COVID pneumonia and its complications. In addition, 38.2% of the patients required invasive mechanical breathing, and 77.9% of the patients were admitted to the ICU. Conclusion(s): Barotrauma in COVID-19 can pose a serious risk factor leading to mortality. Also, using CPAP was linked to a higher risk of barotrauma.Copyright © 2021 Muslim OT et al.

Evaluating the robustness of a contact-less mHealth solution for personal and remote monitoring of blood oxygen saturation.

MHealth technologies play a fundamental role in epidemiological situations such as the ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 because they allow people to self-monitor their health status (e.g. vital parameters) at any time and place, without necessarily having to physically go to a medical clinic. Among vital parameters, special care should be given to monitor blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), whose abnormal values are a warning sign for potential COVID-19 infection. SpO2 is commonly measured through the pulse oximeter that requires skin contact and hence could be a potential way of spreading contagious infections. To overcome this problem, we have recently developed a contact-less mHealth solution that can measure blood oxygen saturation without any contact device but simply processing short facial videos acquired by any common mobile device equipped with a camera. Facial video frames are processed in real-time to extract the remote photoplethysmographic signal useful to estimate the SpO2 value. Such a solution promises to be an easy-to-use tool for both personal and remote monitoring of SpO2. However, the use of mobile devices in daily situations holds some challenges in comparison to the controlled laboratory scenarios. One main issue is the frequent change of perspective viewpoint due to head movements, which makes it more difficult to identify the face and measure SpO2. The focus of this work is to assess the robustness of our mHealth solution to head movements. To this aim, we carry out a pilot study on the benchmark PURE dataset that takes into account different head movements during the measurement. Experimental results show that the SpO2 values obtained by our solution are not only reliable, since they are comparable with those obtained with a pulse oximeter, but are also insensitive to head motion, thus allowing a natural interaction with the mobile acquisition device.

Using Contactless Facial Image Recognition Technology to Detect Blood Oxygen Saturation.

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, as of January 2023, there have been over 670 million cases and more than 6.8 million deaths worldwide. Infections can cause inflammation in the lungs and decrease blood oxygen levels, which can lead to breathing difficulties and endanger life. As the situation continues to escalate, non-contact machines are used to assist patients at home to monitor their blood oxygen levels without encountering others. This paper uses a general network camera to capture the forehead area of a person's face, using the RPPG (remote photoplethysmography) principle. Then, image signal processing of red and blue light waves is carried out. By utilizing the principle of light reflection, the standard deviation and mean are calculated, and the blood oxygen saturation is computed. Finally, the effect of illuminance on the experimental values is discussed. The experimental results of this paper were compared with a blood oxygen meter certified by the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan, and the experimental results had only a maximum error of 2%, which is better than the 3% to 5% error rates in other studies The measurement time was only 30 s, which is better than the one minute reported using similar equipment in other studies. Therefore, this paper not only saves equipment expenses but also provides convenience and safety for those who need to monitor their blood oxygen levels at home. Future applications can combine the SpO2 detection software with camera-equipped devices such as smartphones and laptops. The public can detect SpO2 on their own mobile devices, providing a convenient and effective tool for personal health management.

The use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in hemodialysis patients

Patients with end-stage kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis have one of the highest COVID-19 mortality rates. The use of innovative methods capable of optimizing their treatment outcomes is important for clinical practice. Aims - to investigate the efficacy and safety of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in COVID-19 patients treated with hemodialysis. Material and methods. We conducted a retrospective controlled single-center study with 102 COVID-19 patients on maintenance hemodialysis involved (M: 67;65.7%;W: 35;34.3%), aged 57.2+/-15.3 years. PCR-detected SARS-CoV-2 infection was diagnosed in all patients. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies were administered to 69 patients, who formed the study group (group 1). The control group included 33 patients (group 2). The combination of bamlanevimab and etesevimab was the most frequent therapy used (in 59 patients). Results. In the course of the disease, group 1 patients, compared to those of group 2, had statistically significantly higher blood oxygen saturation values (94.2+/-5.7 vs 89.8+/-10.7);they required less frequent oxygen support (29.0 vs 54.5%) and ICU treatment (18.8 vs 48.5%), respectively. Fatal outcomes occurred in 4 (5.8%) of 69 patients who received neutralizing antibodies and in 6 (18.2%) of 33 patients who did not receive the therapy, p<0.05. Except for one patient, all other patients in both groups developed an unfavorable outcome due to progressive lung damage. However, only 4 of 6 (2/3) patients with progressive lung damage died in group 1, whereas the similar course of the disease proved fatal in all cases in group 2. Conclusion. The use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies in hemodialysis patients is safe and effective when the drugs are administered early, the pulmonary process progression is insignificant and dominant SARSCoV-2 variants are sensitive to them.Copyright © 2022 Tomsk Polytechnic University, Publishing House. All rights reserved.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Children Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Study

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread quickly. Comorbidities, such as diabetes, have been determined as critical risk factors for COVID-19. Objective(s): This study aimed to determine the frequency and severity of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method(s): This retrospective study examined children aged less than 18 years diagnosed with DKA hospitalized in Yazd Shahid Sadoughi Hospital from February 20, 2020, to November 21, 2021. The collected information was compared to those obtained during the same period in 2019 (pre-pandemic). According to the inclusion criteria, only children with suspected symptoms of COVID-19 or an infected family member underwent PCR. Result(s): The study included 70 children with confirmed DKA during the COVID-19 pandemic and 33 children hospitalized during the pre-pandemic period. The findings showed that the rate of DKA was higher during the pandemic than in the pre-pandemic period. In the DKA subgroups (during the COVID-19 pandemic vs. pre-pandemic), 35.7% vs. 21.2% were severe, 37.1% vs. 36.4% were moderate, and 27.1% vs. 42.4% were mild. Of 70 children, 30 underwent PCR tests for COVID-19, showing six positive cases. Among positive cases, five had mild symptoms, while one was hospitalized with signs of respiratory distress, polyuria, and polydipsia. All physical examinations of this patient were normal, except for the chest exam. Conclusion(s): A remarkable increase was observed in the frequency and severity of DKA in children during the pandemic.Copyright © 2023, International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited.

Efficacy of Fuzheng Huayu Tablets for Treating Pulmonary Inflammation in COVID-19 Patients.

Objective:To observe the efficacy and safety of Fuzheng Huayu tabletsFHTfor treating pulmonary inflammation in patients with coronavirus disease 2019COVID-19. Method(s):A total of 704 cases were lost to follow-up, and 66 cases were finally completedCOVID-19 patients were recruited from February 1 to April 15 in 2020. They were assigned to a control group35 patientsand a FHT group31 patients. The patients in the control group received routine treatment alone and those in the FHT group received FHT in addition to routine treatment. The primary outcome was the ratio of patients showing improvement in chest computed tomographic manifestations after 14 days. The secondary outcome measures included remission rate or progression rate of critical illness,clinical remission rate of respiratory symptoms,routine blood examination, C-reactive proteinCPRlevel,procalcitoninPCTlevel,and blood oxygen saturationSPO2 . The safety was assessed based on liver and kidney functions and adverse events. Result(s): After the 14-day treatment,the ratio of patients showing improvement in the FHT group100%was higher than that in the control group 77.1%chi2 =8.063,P<0.01. The ratio of disease stages after treatment showed no significant difference between two groups. In the FHT group,the symptoms including cough,dyspnea,and fatigue were alleviated after treatmentP<0.01. In the control group,the symptoms including fever,cough,and dyspnea were alleviatedP<0.01,while the fatigue was not relieved after treatment. No significant difference was observed in the clinical symptoms between the two groups after treatment. After treatment,the FHT group showed decreased white blood cellWBCcount and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratioNLRP<0.01,elevated plateletPLTlevelP<0.05,lowered CRP levelP<0.05,and no significant difference in lymphocyte LYM,hemoglobinHb,SPO2 or PCT level. The control group showed decreased NLRP<0.05and WBC countP<0.01,elevated PCT levelP<0.05,and no significant change in LYM,Hb,PLT,SPO2 or CRP level after treatment. Furthermore,the FHT group had higher PLT level than the control groupP<0.05after treatment,and other indicators had no significant differences between the two groups. The liver and kidney functions had no significant difference between the two groups after treatment. Conclusion(s): FHT can safely promote the absorption of acute pulmonary inflammation in COVID-19 patients.Copyright © 2022, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica. All rights reserved.

FAVIPIRAVIR IN THE TREATMENT OF MILD CORONAVIRUS INFECTION: RESULTS OF A MULTICENTER OPEN-LABEL, POST-REGISTRATION, NON-INTERVENTIONAL STUDY.

Clinical parameters characterizing the efficacy and safety of favipiravir were examined in a multicenter, non-interventional (before-and-after study design) trial in 264 patients with mild COVID-19. It is shown that on the background of 14-day therapy with favipiravir body temperature normalized, blood oxygen saturation improved, and the frequency of tachycardia detection reduced by 16% (p < 0.0001). A statistically significant decrease by 91,3% (p 0.0001) in the frequency of SARS-nCoV-2 RNA detection in the nasopharyngeal mucosa discharge was revealed. A decrease in the concentration of ferritin (by 69% compared to initial values), blood glucose (by 21%), creatinine (by 10%), C-reactive protein (by 36%) (p 0.0001), and D-dimer by 61% (p = 0.016) was noted. The results of the SF-36 health survey questionnaire revealed a significant (p 0.05) improvement in the quality of life in terms of physical functioning (by 35%), and role functioning associated with physical and emotional state by 107% and 160%, respectively. Analysis of the COV19-QoL questionnaire revealed a decrease by 24% in negative perception of the disease (p < 0,01). Among the identified adverse events, elevated level of ALT (in 39.47% of patients), hyperuricemia (in 28.95% of patients), and elevated AST (in 23.68% of patients) prevailed. All the adverse events occurred with mild or moderate severity. There were no lethal outcomes in the studied sample of patients. The analysis showed a satisfactory level of the tolerability of the treatment.Copyright © 2023 Izdatel'stvo Meditsina. All rights reserved.

An Intelligent Classification Diagnosis Based on Blood Oxygen Saturation Signals for Medical Data Security Including COVID-19 in Industry 5.0

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is gradually valued due to its high prevalence, high risk, and high mortality. Alternative to the polysomnography (PSG) diagnosis, the proposed method assesses the subject's degree of illness considering the supply chain and Industry 5.0 requirement efficiently and accurately. This article uses the blood oxygen saturation (SpO(2)) signal count of the number of apnea or hypoventilation events during the sleep of the subject, calculating the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and the subject's disease level. SpO(2) signals are used to extract 35-D features based on the time domain, including approximate entropy, central tendency measure, and Lempel-Ziv complexity to accelerate the diagnosis process in supply chains. The feature selection process is reduced from 35 to 7 dimensions that benefits to the implementation in the practical supply chains in Industry 5.0 by extracting the extracted features. This article applies Pearson correlation coefficient selection, based on minimum redundancy-maximum correlation algorithm selection, and a wrapper based on the backward search algorithm. The accuracy rate is 86.92%, and the specificity is 90.7% under the selected random forest classifier. A random forest classifier was used to calculate the AHI index, and a linear regression analysis was performed with the AHI index obtained from the PSG. The result reaches a 92% accuracy rate in assessing the prevalence of OSAHS, satisfying the industrial deployment.

COVID-19 Patient Health Monitoring System

The system proposed can be used to regular checkup of the COVID patients while maintaining the social distancing. Also, the data sensed by the sensors is directly sent to doctor, reducing the cost of paying regular visits to doctor. The Iot platform used in the system helps to transfer the real time patient's data remotely to host device. Daily health record can be maintained and can be viewed easily on graphs charts ease for doctors to see any abrupt changes in oxygen level or rise in temperature. To track the patient health micro-controller is in turn interfaced to an LCD display and wi-fi connection to send the data to the web-server (wireless sensing node). In case of any abrupt changes in patient heart-rate or body temperature alert is sent about the patient using IoT. This system also shows patients temperature and heartbeat tracked live data with timestamps over the Internetwork.

Effects of face masks on cardiopulmonary performance in a partly double-blinded randomized cross-over study

Background: The use of face masks in the public and at work became mandatory as a result of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in many countries. Wearing masks under physical work or for a prolonged time may lead to complaints of labored breathing and increased stress. The influence of three types of masks on cardiopulmonary performance was investigated in a randomized cross-over design. Method(s): Forty volunteers (20 women, 19-65 years) underwent bodyplethysmography, spiroergometric and ergometric exercise tests without mask, with a surgical mask, a community mask and a FFP2 mask. Additionally, a 4hour mask wearing period was investigated during regular work (office or laboratory). Cardiopulmonary, physical, capnometric, and blood gas-related parameters were recorded. Result(s): Breathing resistance and work of breathing were increased when wearing a mask. During physical exercise minute ventilation was lower and the breathing cycle time was extended with mask. Wearing a mask caused minimal decreases in blood oxygen partial pressure (pO2) and oxygen saturation (sO2) and an initial slight rise in blood carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) during exercise. All effects were most pronounced with FFP2. Temperature, humidity, and inspiratory CO2 concentration slightly increased behind the mask. No changes in pO2, sO2, and pCO2 were observed during the 4-hour wearing period at work. Conclusion(s): Wearing face masks at rest and under workload changed the breathing pattern in the sense of physiological compensation. Wearing a mask for 4 hours during light work had no effect on blood gases and no adverse effects were observed throughout all testing.

Developing an IoT based Mass Crowd Management System Reviewing Existing Methodologies

This work revolves around proper handling and monitoring of crowds at big events like concerts and public gatherings. To ensure appropriate management of the crowd at these events, a system is proposed and designed. The system consists of a series of modules namely a RFID based identification system for entry of only registered audience and a blood oxygen level and heart rate measurement unit which utilizes MAX30100 sensor to further check the health conditions. Along with these, an ultrasonic technology-based proximity monitoring unit (HC-SR04 module) is used to ensure the fulfilment of social distancing norms. This multi-module crowd management and monitoring system is tested in real-Time and the results are verified based on physical response as well as with the help of serial monitor values. The modules for this system are initially constructed on Fritzing, then implemented in real-life. The ThingSpeak platform and Arduino IDE are used to store the data and program the micro-controllers (Arduino and NodeMCU) respectively. © 2022 IEEE.

An Insight into Wearable Devices for Smart Healthcare Technologies

Physical fitness is the prime priority of people these days as everyone wants to see himself as healthy. There are numbers of wearable devices available that help human to monitor their vital body signs through which one can get an average idea of their health. Advancements in the efficiency of healthcare systems have fueled the research and development of high-performance wearable devices. There is significant potential for portable healthcare systems to lower healthcare costs and provide continuous health monitoring of critical patients from remote locations. The most pressing need in this field is developing a safe, effective, and trustworthy medical device that can be used to reliably monitor vital signs from various human organs or the environment within or outside the body through flexible sensors. Still, the patient should be able to go about their normal day while sporting a wearable or implanted medical device. This article highlights the current scenario of wearable devices and sensors for healthcare applications. Specifically, it focuses on some widely used commercially available wearable devices for continuously gauging patient's vital parameters and discusses the major factors influencing the surge in the demand for medical devices. Furthermore, this paper addresses the challenges and countermeasures of wearable devices in smart healthcare technology. © 2023 IEEE.

Identification of Respiratory Diseases and Diabetes by Non-invasive Method Using IoT

The objective of this paper is to identify respiratory diseases such as Asthma, Covid-19, pulmonary disease, and diabetes from the human breath odor using a non-invasive method. For detecting diseases using a non-invasive method, temperature sensor (to identify body temperature), pulse oximeter sensor (to identify blood oxygen level and heartbeat rate), and acetone sensor (to identify respiratory diseases from human breath odor) with Arduino ATMega328 microcontroller unit (MCU) were used. If the temperature is greater than 37.2 C, the heartbeat rate is greater than 100 bpm, and the oxygen level is less than 92% Covid-19 will be detected. If the oxygen level is less than 95% the heartbeat rate is at (100–125) bpm, and the temperature is at 36.1–37 C, asthma will be detected. If the heart rate is greater than 86 bpm, the temperature at 36.1–37 C, the oxygen level at 92–97% and the acetone level at (354–496) ppm, diabetes will be detected. If the oxygen level is less than 92% the temperature at 36.1–37 C, and the heartbeat rate is greater than 110 bpm, the pulmonary disease will be identified. After disease detection, suggestions will be provided to the patients based on their health reports. Finally, suggested medicines will be sent to the patient's registered mobile phones by connecting node MCU with blynk using IoT technology. The results will be stored and the patients can compare their health conditions for future analysis. The traditional method of laboratory tests is considered to consume more time. In our method, the duration of the detection process is less and the results help to identify health problems at early stages and predict diseases quickly compared to the traditional method. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Prognostic value of the SII Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index a novel biomarker in coronavirus disease 2019 patient's disease progression to fatality

Objective: To identify a novel biomarker with high prognostic value SII Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index in the disease progression of COVID-19 patients with its cost effectiveness and less time consuming. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2021 to February 2022 at the Mardan Medical Complex, Khyber Pakhtunkhwah, Pakistan. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to discover the ideal cut-off values for predictors for disease severity stage, i.e. asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe, critical, based on their greatest Youden's index. The SII (platelet X neutrophil count/lymphocyte counts) formula was used to compute the systemic immune inflammation index. Result(s): Of the 311 cases studied, 233 were included;155 (66.52%) were male and 78 (33.47%) females. Median age was 38 years (IQR: 18 - 79). Patients had a significant increase in various blood parameters, with an increase in SII index between admission and hospitalization. Normal patients had a SII median 398 (IQR: 312 - 567) upon admission, while abnormal patients had a SII median 659 (IQR: 475 - 1540). Throughout hospitalization, SII index of asymptomatic patients median was 684 (IQR: 470 - 933);cut-off value >= 358, mild patients median 909 (IQR: 183 - 1930);cut-off value >= 501, moderate patients median >= 992 (IQR: 248 - 6099);cut-off value >= 903, severe patients median 1063 (IQR: 104 - 5014);cut-off value >= 1147, critical patients median 1230 (IQR: 100 - 8438);cut-off value >= 1481. Conclusion(s): SII was found to be a significant predictor of COVID-19 patients' severity progression to fatality as an independent prognostic factor. SII is being recommended as a low-cost and less time-consuming blood test for COVID-19 patients.Copyright © 2023, Pakistan Medical Association. All rights reserved.

Overestimation of Oxygen Saturation Measured by Pulse Oximetry in Hypoxemia. Part 1: Effect of Optical Pathlengths-Ratio Increase.

On average, arterial oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry (SpO2) is higher in hypoxemia than the true oxygen saturation measured invasively (SaO2), thereby increasing the risk of occult hypoxemia. In the current article, measurements of SpO2 on 17 cyanotic newborns were performed by means of a Nellcor pulse oximeter (POx), based on light with two wavelengths in the red and infrared regions (660 and 900 nm), and by means of a novel POx, based on two wavelengths in the infrared region (761 and 820 nm). The SpO2 readings from the two POxs showed higher values than the invasive SaO2 readings, and the disparity increased with decreasing SaO2. SpO2 measured using the two infrared wavelengths showed better correlation with SaO2 than SpO2 measured using the red and infrared wavelengths. After appropriate calibration, the standard deviation of the individual SpO2-SaO2 differences for the two-infrared POx was smaller (3.6%) than that for the red and infrared POx (6.5%, p < 0.05). The overestimation of SpO2 readings in hypoxemia was explained by the increase in hypoxemia of the optical pathlengths-ratio between the two wavelengths. The two-infrared POx can reduce the overestimation of SpO2 measurement in hypoxemia and the consequent risk of occult hypoxemia, owing to its smaller increase in pathlengths-ratio in hypoxemia.

Design and Implementation of a Mobile Health Check Device

The mobile health check device is an IoT based system that has been designed to play a vital role in checking people's health status. It has become very crucial to monitor people's health especially now with this COVID-19 pandemic. Through this device it will be possible for people to check for blood oxygen levels, temperature, blood pressure and heart beat rate without the use of sphygmomanometers at health care centres. Furthermore, the device is not only limited to COVID-19 symptoms detection, but it can also be used for monitoring pneumonia, asthma and other common critical conditions related to the stated parameters. The results of the device are displayed on an LCD screen and also sent to the cloud servers for storage and record keeping. The mobile device proofs to be a quick health screening device for different organisations and at different public places such as at airports, borders, shopping malls, industries, religious centres and educational institutions. © 2022 IEEE.